Overview of Opioid Dependence in the U.S.

American Methadone Treatment Association. News Report (Sixth Edition). New York: American Methadone Treatment Association, 1999.

Ball JC and Ross A. The Effectiveness of Methadone Maintenance Treatment. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1991.

Caplehorn JRM, Bell J, Kleinbaum D, and Gebski VJ. Methadone dose and heroin use during maintenance treatment. Addiction (88):119–124, 1993.

Ling W, Charuvastra C, Kaim SC, and Klett J. Methadyl acetate and methadone as maintenance treatments for heroin addicts. Archives of General Psychiatry (33):709–720, 1976.

Office of National Drug Control Policy. National Drug Control Strategy: 2000 Annual Report. Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2000.

Office of National Drug Control Policy. What America's Users Spend on Illegal Drugs: 1988–1995. Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy, 1997.

Simpson DD and Sells SB. Opioid Addiction and Treatment: A 12-Year Follow-up. Malabar, FL: Robert E. Krieger Publishing, 1990.

Strain EC and Stitzer ML. Methadone Treatment for Opioid Dependence. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.

Strain EC, Stitzer ML, Liebson IA, and Bigelow GE. Randomized controlled trial of moderate versus high dose methadone in treatment of opioid dependence. Journal of the American Medical Association (281):1,000–1,005, 1999.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, Population Estimates 1998. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Office of Applied Studies, 1999.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Drug Abuse Warning Network Series: Year-End Preliminary Estimates From the 1996 Drug Abuse Warning Network. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 1997.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Summary of Findings From the 1999 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Office of Applied Studies, 2000.